Guides

Finance control guides

Practical, step-by-step answers for accounts payable, payment fraud, month-end close, reconciliations, fixed assets and cash. Free to read, no sign-up.

Accounts Payable

How to Find Duplicate Invoices in Excel (Including Near-Matches)

Excel formulas that catch the duplicate invoices exact-match checks miss: normalised references, cross-supplier matches and repeats within a date window.

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How to Run a Duplicate Payment Audit on Last Year's Payments

Find and recover duplicate supplier payments from the last 12 to 24 months: what to extract, which tests to run, how to confirm and how to recover.

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Vendor Master File Cleanup: A Step-by-Step Checklist

Clean up your vendor master: block dormant suppliers, merge duplicates, fill missing data, verify bank details and restrict who can change records.

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Segregation of Duties in Accounts Payable: Who Should Do What

Which accounts payable duties must be separated, why each combination is risky, a simple duties matrix, and compensating controls for small finance teams.

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Payment Run Approval Checklist: What to Check Before You Release

What to check before releasing a supplier payment run: totals, duplicates, bank changes, new suppliers, unusual payments and the bank file itself.

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Invoice Approval Workflow: Approval Limits, Matrix and Controls

How to design an invoice approval workflow: an approval matrix by amount, PO and non-PO routes, and the tests that catch split invoices and self-approval.

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Accounts Payable Ageing Report: How to Read It and What to Act On

How to read an accounts payable ageing report, reconcile it to the ledger, and spot debit balances, stuck invoices and overdue suppliers before they cost you.

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Accounts Payable Month-End Close Checklist

A step-by-step accounts payable month-end checklist: cut-off, goods received not invoiced, supplier statements, debit balances and the ledger tie-out.

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Cash & Credit

How to Build a 13-Week Cash Flow Forecast

Build a rolling 13-week cash flow forecast using the direct method: structure, data sources, a cash buffer line, the weekly roll and variance tracking.

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A Credit Control Process That Gets Invoices Paid on Time

A step-by-step credit control process with an example chase schedule, dispute handling, DSO measurement and the UK statutory late-payment rules.

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Overdue Invoice Reminder Emails: 5 Templates and When to Send Them

Five overdue invoice reminder emails, from a friendly pre-due note to a final notice, with the timing for each and what to include so invoices get paid.

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Expected Credit Loss Provision Matrix for Trade Receivables (IFRS 9 and CECL)

How to calculate a bad debt provision for trade receivables with a provision matrix under IFRS 9 or CECL, with a worked example and the steps to support it.

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How to Write a Credit Control Policy (With a Template Outline)

What a credit control policy should cover: credit checks, limits, payment terms, the collection timetable, account holds, disputes and write-off approval.

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Cash Conversion Cycle: Formula, Example and How to Shorten It

The cash conversion cycle formula (DIO + DSO - DPO), a worked example, and practical ways to shorten it so less cash is tied up in running the business.

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How Much Cash Should a Business Keep? Setting a Minimum Cash Buffer

How to set a minimum cash buffer: three methods, a worked example, and how to test a weekly cash forecast against it so a shortfall shows up early.

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Debt Covenant Monitoring: How to Spot a Breach Before It Happens

How to monitor loan covenants such as leverage, interest cover and minimum liquidity: calculate headroom, forecast it forward and act before a test date.

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Comparisons

Month-End Close Software vs Excel: When a Spreadsheet Is Enough

An honest comparison of close management software and Excel for the month-end close: cost, set-up, audit trail and the point where each makes sense.

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Preventing Duplicate Payments: ERP Checks vs AP Automation vs Excel Controls vs Recovery Audits

Four ways to stop or recover duplicate supplier payments, from built-in ERP checks to recovery audits, what each catches and misses, and how to combine them.

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Free Excel Template vs Financial Control System: What's the Difference?

What separates a free finance template from a control system: tests on your data, blocked sign-off, evidence and review. When a free template is enough.

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Expenses

Expense Claim Audit Checklist: What to Test and How to Sample

What to test in an expense claim and corporate card audit: duplicates, receipts, policy breaches, split transactions and mileage, plus how to choose a sample.

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Fixed Assets

What a Fixed Asset Register Must Include (and How to Reconcile It)

The fields every fixed asset register needs, how to reconcile the register to the general ledger each period, and how to stop ghost assets building up.

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Straight-Line vs Reducing Balance Depreciation (With Excel Formulas)

Straight-line and reducing balance depreciation explained with worked examples and Excel's SLN, DB and DDB formulas, plus how to choose a method.

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Capitalisation Threshold: How to Set One for Fixed Assets

How to set a capitalisation threshold so small purchases are expensed and real assets capitalised, plus the UK and US tax rules that sit alongside it.

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Fixed Asset Disposal: Journal Entries and Gain or Loss Calculation

How to account for selling or scrapping a fixed asset: depreciation to the disposal date, the journal entry, the gain or loss calculation and a worked example.

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Month-End Close

How to Shorten the Month-End Close Without Losing Control

Close the books faster by moving work out of close week: a dated close calendar, early reconciliations, set cut-offs, journal templates and materiality.

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Accruals and Prepayments at Month End: How to Calculate and Post Them

How to calculate and post accruals and prepayments at month end, with journal entries, worked examples, reversals and the schedules that support each balance.

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How to Build a Month-End Close Calendar in Excel (WORKDAY Formulas)

Build a month-end close calendar in Excel that dates every task by working day, skips weekends and holidays, and flags late tasks automatically.

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Manual Journal Controls: Review, Approval and Evidence

The controls that stop manual journals becoming a route for error or fraud: approval by someone else, support for every entry and review of late entries.

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Year-End Audit Preparation Checklist: What Auditors Will Ask For

A year-end audit preparation checklist: the reconciliations, schedules and evidence auditors ask for, and how to prepare them before fieldwork starts.

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Payment Fraud

Business Email Compromise in Accounts Payable: How It Works and How to Stop It

How business email compromise hits accounts payable: fake supplier emails, hijacked mailboxes, urgent executive requests, and the controls that stop it.

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Invoice Fraud Red Flags: 12 Signs a Supplier Invoice Is Fake

Twelve red flags that a supplier invoice may be fake or fraudulent, grouped by supplier, invoice and request, with what to check before you pay.

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New Supplier Onboarding: The Checks to Run Before the First Payment

The checks to run before paying a new supplier: business existence, tax numbers, bank verification, employee matching, duplicates, sanctions and approval.

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Confirmation of Payee and Verification of Payee: What AP Teams Need to Know

How the UK's Confirmation of Payee and the EU's Verification of Payee name checks work, what the results mean, and the AP controls they do not replace.

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Deepfake CEO Fraud: How to Verify a Payment Request by Video or Voice

Fraudsters now fake an executive's voice and face on live calls. The payment controls that still work when you cannot trust what you see or hear.

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Payment Fraud Prevention: 12 Controls Every Finance Team Needs

Twelve practical payment fraud controls for finance teams, covering supplier set-up, bank changes, approvals and the payment run, and the fraud each one stops.

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Reconciliations

How to Reconcile a Supplier Statement (Step by Step)

Reconcile a supplier statement to your ledger: match payments and invoices, classify every difference, agree the balance and spot red flags.

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How to Do a Bank Reconciliation in Excel

A step-by-step bank reconciliation in Excel: the layout, matching formulas, adjusting both balances, ageing open items and the review that makes it a control.

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Balance Sheet Reconciliation: Process, Evidence and Sign-Off

How to run balance sheet reconciliations every month: account ownership, risk rating, the evidence each account needs, handling reconciling items and review.

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Suspense Account: What It Is and How to Clear It Each Month

What a suspense account is, why balances build up in it, and a monthly routine to clear every item to the right account before the books are signed off.

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Intercompany Reconciliation: Step-by-Step Process and Common Differences

How to reconcile intercompany balances between group companies, agree differences before consolidation and stop the same mismatches recurring every month.

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How to Match Transactions in Excel for a Reconciliation (XLOOKUP and COUNTIFS)

Match bank, ledger or supplier transactions in Excel with a matching key, COUNTIFS and XLOOKUP, including repeated amounts, and list what is left unmatched.

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